The Natural Behavior of Wolves

The Natural Behavior of Wolves Introduction Wolves belong to the broad class of the carnivorous animals. They belong to the Canidae family and thus, they are related to other carnivores like dogs and cats (Harrington, Fred, and Paul 263). No wonder their physical appearance is similar to that of the dogs.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Natural Behavior of Wolves specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, they are much larger than the dogs. An adult male wolf grows larger than their female counterparts of the same age do. Most of the wolves are in Asia, North America, and Europe among other locations on the globe. The largest type of a wolf is the gray or timber wolf, which can live in any habitat from hot deserts to cool areas in the mountains. Just like dogs, wolves are social predators as depicted in the way they move and live like a family in groups known as packs. A pack is normally made up of not more than seven wolves, which largely depend on their number and the amount of food available for them. The animals carry out all their daily activities, which are mainly dominated by looking for food as a group. A couple who give birth to new members of the group heads each pack. â€Å"Unlike many mammalian systems, whereby the dominant males have got many mates and the subordinate few or non, the dominant male wolves may only have only one mate while the subordinates have none† (Harrington, Fred and Paul 221). After the young ones have grown up and can take care of themselves, they can move out of the pack to find their mates to start a new pack. Alpha is the name given to the dominant male leader of the pack. The dominant female is referred to as the alpha female. Hierarchy in the pack is observed as members of the pack show respect to the dominant or the superior ones. They do that through exhibiting submissiveness by the use of body postures and facial expressions. There is a limitation in the breeding proc ess because only the dominant partners can breed. In order to survive, a wolf must strive to achieve three things in life, which include a mate, food resources, and an area or territory. It can do this by killing an established breeder. However, in doing this, the wolf puts itself at the risk of being killed by its fellow wolves. The other option it can take is joining a pack, luring out a mate, and dispersing to an area that is not occupied (Mech and Luigi 25).Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It takes approximately a period of two months after conception for a female to give birth. A female wolf can give birth to between four to seven pups. The pups are all born blind and it takes them about a year to reach physical maturity. Summer time is a very important period for the breeding of the wolves. â€Å"During the three to four months after parturition, the pups must be a dequately fed to ensure that their physical development is sufficient to survive the rigors of the late fall and winter† (Harrington, Fred and Paul 81). Nevertheless, the pups do not become sexually mature until they are two years old. Naturalistic Observation of the wolves While human beings make use of physical borders to mark their territories, some territorial mammals make use of scent marking to distinguish the boundaries of the places where they live. Some animals like dogs and wolves scent mark mainly through urination and defecation, while others like the cats rub their body parts against surfaces. This way, animals are able to pass a certain message from one animal to another (Alcock 51). All animals apart from human beings lack the ability to talk in order to pass messages from one to the other. As for animals, they have different forms of communication. By keenly observing the way they behave, one can easily tell that all animals do communicate with one another. The y make use of facial expressions, sounds, and body language to pass different kinds of information. The sounds made by certain animals are different from those made by others, depending on the kind of message that is being passed (Alcock 53). All these also apply to the wolves whose inferior members show submissiveness to the superior ones by encircling them with their noses raised up. Just like dogs do on sensing danger, wolves also erect their ears in times of danger and in addition to that, they open their mouths wide. Just like the other carnivores, the wolves have strong muscles. They also have a strong sense of sense of smell and sight. ‘The sense of smell is probably the most acute of the wolf’s senses. Unlike human beings, wolves are strongly reliant on odors to acquire information about food or danger, as well as, all that concerns the outside world (Mech and Luigi 80). That way, they are able to kill animals, which are larger than they are in terms of size. To make getting food easier, they prey on the sick and weak animals and in addition to that, they eat very fast to avoid being robbed off their catch. The wolves normally target the deer, moose, the beavers, and the elk as their prey (Harrington, Fred, and Paul 35).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Natural Behavior of Wolves specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In case an enemy tries to steal their food, it will only be lucky to get the poor quality parts of the meat. This is because the wolves are very clever to feed on the best parts first once they get hold of their prey. In addition to their diet, the wolves feed on birds, berries, fish, worms, mice, and insects especially when they are not able to catch the large preys. There are rumors that wolves also eat people but it has not yet been proved true. The unique scent marking behavior of wolves Wolves are territorial by nature because they use their scents to mark their own territorial boundaries. It is the duty of leaders of the pack to urinate near the ends of their territories to mark them. â€Å"Wolf scent marking behavior used for territorial advertisement includes raised leg urination (RLU) and perhaps standing urination (STU) by males, flexed leg urination (FLU) and possibly squat urination (SQU) by female and perhaps defecation (SCT) and ground scratching (SCR)† (Mech and Luigi 25). The scent markings are said to reduce as one gets inside the territory. During patrols by the wolves in their territory, the number of scent markings is normally very high. The size of their territories depends on the nature of the habitat and the type of breed. It has been a little bit hard for researchers to track them down for study because of their frequent movements and their few numbers. There is a diminished wolf habitat and population because of the increasing human population and urbanization. The wolves’ natural habitat continu es to suffer from extinction as human beings use the habitants for settlement and other activities (Harrington, Fred, and Paul 120). The wolves spent most of their time at the core; a place that is approximately at the centre of the territory. For safety purposes, the places where the pregnant females give birth are always near the core. If the wolves loose all their off springs, they continue to live in the territory. Even when one of the breeding pair dies, the other one remains there until another mate comes (Mech and Luigi 28). The non-breeding members of the pack offer the protection to the breeding mother and the pups. When there is danger, wolves normally howl and bark to pass the message to the rest of the members of the pack. That does not mean that, they all gather there, they spread out in the vast territory only reassembling when the supply of food is scarce in order to fight for it.Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any wolf that does not belong to a certain pack is able to know the territories that have been occupied. This is because, by urinating near the edges of their territories, the wolves leave behind scent marks. They do it with one leg high up and that is followed by scratching the ground (Mech and Luigi 25). Additionally, it also enables them to know the presence of their prey and enemies, after which, they prepare themselves to deal with the situation at hand. The sad thing about their fascinating this natural behavior of wolves is the fact that it accounts for more than ninety percent of the lives lost by the wolves. Just as human beings behave when their territories are interfered with, the wolves fight for what belongs to them. Of course, the pack with the strongest or the largest number of wolves gets to win the fight leaving the members of the weak pack dead. â€Å"Wolves do fight to death in the wild and the losers are usually wolves encountered on a territory edge or inside a neighbor’s territory† (Harrington, Fred and Paul 5). A predator is more likely to kill one of the wolves if they are in a pack than when each is alone. Cases of deaths arising because of attacks by predators occur mainly when the animals are together. Implications of the Naturalistic Observation The observation made on the scent marking behavior of wolves indicates that it is one of their forms of communication. If they are able to sense the entry of an enemy into their pack and prevent other wolves from entering into their territory, then it only means one thing. They are able to pass a certain message by leaving scent marks through urinating at or near the edges of their territories. Once a foreign wolf senses the scent marks, it is able to understand that that particular territory is occupied by another pack. That way, a message has been passed, and the wolf does not interfere since it is aware of the consequences that could result because of crossing boundaries. Li mitations of the Research It has been difficult for researchers to do a thorough study of the natural behavior of wolves because of their low population and frequent movement (Harrington, Fred, and Paul 120). On the other hand, the scientific explanation behind the unique scent in the urine has not yet been established. Finally, it is not known if other animals, which are not wolves have the ability to recognize the scent of the wolves’ urine. Future Directions of the Research Researchers have been able to bring to the people’s understanding the scent marking behavior of wolves. The scientific explanation behind this unique behavior has not yet been ascertained. Therefore, researchers should go further in research to determine the chemical components present in the animal’s urine, which enables them to scent mark. In addition to that, they should also do thorough research to determine whether other animals apart from the wolves can be able to detect the scent. C onclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that almost all animals have their diversified ways of communicating with each other given the fact that they cannot express themselves through speech, as human beings do. As for the wolves, they communicate via scent marking. Scent marking is therefore, the unique way through which, wolves pass information to each other, especially with regard to marking their boundaries. This characteristic behavior is of great significance to the wolves because it enables them to survive, in other words, it is a survival tactic ((Harrington, Fred, and Paul). This is because the wolves are able to mark their territories and protect their prey from external predators. They are also able to note the entry of enemies and thus they can prepare to deal with them. Alcock, John. Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, 2009. Print. Harrington, Fred H, and Paul C. Paquet. Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior , Ecology, and Conservation. Park Ridge, N. J: Noyes Publications, 1979. Print. Mech, L D, and Luigi Boitani. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Chicago [u.a.: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2003. Print.

Finding Book Reviews

Finding Book Reviews Wherever you find authors collected, the topic will come up: Where do you get your book reviews? Word-of-mouth is considered the best tool to spread the word and make sales for your book; however, book reviews count for a lot, too. When you consider that Amazon considers review activity when selecting books for their promotional specials, you realize that word-of-mouth might not necessarily reach Jeff Bezos ears, so you beat the bushes for reviews. Authors have two main questions when it comes to book reviews: 1) Where do you find the reviewers? 2) How do you get books to those reviewers once you find them? Reviewers can come from anywhere. The well-known reviews from Kirkus, Publishers Weekly, and   the like handle mainly traditional books. Often there are costs to achieving these reviews in terms of payment, membership, or subscription. Indies have an uphill battle as do the smaller of the small presses. And you already know that competition is fierce, so assuming you can get some of these bigger sites to accept your book, the wait might be for months. Consider these reviewers: 1) The Indie View theindieview.com/ 2) Omnimystery mysteriousreviews.com/mysterious-reviews.html 3) NPR Books npr.org/books/ 4) Net Galley https://www.netgalley.com/ 5) eBook Crossroads ebookcrossroads.com/book-reviewers.html 6) RT rtbookreviews.com/ 7) Goodreads goodreads.com 8) Midwest Book Reviewers midwestbookreview.com 9) List of other reviewers on MBR midwestbookreview.com/links/othr_rev.htm 10) Book Review http://bookreview.com/$spindb.query.bottom.booknew 11) Publishers Weekly publishersweekly.com/ Review copies are a hidden cost of publishing, whether traditional or indie. Ive probably given away between 250 to 300 books in my efforts to seek reviews. Except for 50 ARCS my publisher gave me, I paid an authors discount for those books. Thats creeping into the thousands of dollars. I keep anywhere from 20 to 100 of each title on stand Lessons Ive learned about acquiring reviews? 1) Not everybody who offers to review the book will follow through. It stings, I know. And it can be anyone a tenured professor from UNC, a childhood friend, your librarian, trusted peers, parents, amazing fans who profess to idolize but whom you never hear from again. Thats the business. You cannot make it personal. The best you can do is not let them review again. 2) People love the book or having met you, but their life is not you and your book. Their life takes them elsewhere, and reviews arent high on their list of things to do. . . unless thats specifically what they do. 3) The cheaper the cost of the book, the less professional the reviews. Not a 100 percent maxim, but pretty close. There are readers out there who troll for free and 99-cent books, and they have no qualms about throwing nasty up on Amazon or Goodreads. 4) Many book reviews sites and professional reviewers ask for your book, but that doesnt guarantee you will land a review. They take reviewers seriously, and often the better books consume their time. Remember, competition is fierce. Sometimes you dont make the cut. 5) People are more likely to review a print book than an ebook. Your ebook is hidden amongst hundreds on a Kindle or Nook. Out of sight, out of mind. A print book has to sit someplace, chances are more visibly, giving your striking cover the opportunity to beckon the reader and remind them to read and review. And to a reviewer, a print book sometimes represents a more serious commitment from the author. Mailing a book is often a $10+ commitment. Absolutely nothing is absolute in the publishing business. So when prepping for your book release, build the cost of review copies into your budget and know that you wont get 100 percent return on your investment. And continue to hope that a few reviews become serious nuggets for your website, press releases, and maybe your cover.

Business security and globalization issues that Mexico face Research Paper

Business security and globalization issues that Mexico face - Research Paper Example Global issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Bribery and corruption†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Terrorist threat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Organized crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Border threats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 7 8 8 9 10 7 1.5 RECOMMENDED SECURITY ACTIONS Security and tracking system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Foreign direct investment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Assistance from security agencies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Evacuation plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Competitive management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ State and local regulatory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Outline of Security issues and threats Mexico being one of the best business sites is facing many problems in relation to security issues. The security situation in Mexico is fluid and there exist conflicts among security forces. This led to increase in threats and risk in relation to the insecurity in the country. Some of the threats and preventive measures in relation to the security are discussed below: 1.1 Natural threats Mexico is suffering from just one natural threat which has affected the business economy i.e. global issues. Global issues Country have initially suffered a downturn in the business economy due to the global issues such as falling international... The intention of this study is Mexico as one the best business sites. It has provided many opportunities and growth to international businesses. It involves less cost of conducting a business as compared to other Asian countries. Though Mexico had promoted businesses in all aspects but it has negative aspects also, which are harming the working of business such as risk related to securities. Since 2007, more than 24000 people have been killed due to drug violence. Smuggling of drugs and goods is becoming quite common on borders which are increasing risk of trading companies that conduct operations on borders. Small businesses have also become security minded and they take precautions while travelling to Mexico, especially in border and capital regions. This shows that businesses are investing more on security in order to perform business in Mexico, which in result increases the cost and reduces profitability of the company. Mexico is a federal constitutional republic of North America and is bordered in the north of United States. It covers two million square kilometers i.e. 760,000 sq mi. on the basis of this area it is the fifth largest country in America. Researchers identified that its current population is around 112 million and is eleventh most populated country in the world. Spanish is the most popular language in Mexico. This country comprises of thirty one states and one federal district which is a capital city. Mexico is one of the best business locations as compared to 112 cities in Europe, North America and Asia Pacific.

Pros and Cons of Our Human and Social Society Essay

Pros and Cons of Our Human and Social Society - Essay Example When we look around, some of the most trivial illustrations of a human’s need for order that we all frequently witness may be: bookmarks in a student’s textbook separating the chapters for quicker reference in future, index of a journal, a library catalog, tagging at a shoe store or labeling of inventory at a factory. During the day we come across many such other tools that the human mind evolved to make life simpler and efficient, which escape our notice. But when we view our environment broadly, one man-made simplification mechanism that we largely depend on is technology. Bringing more and more technology in daily life is one major means that the humans adopted to deal with the chaos around them. Dependence over technology is inevitable since it seamlessly caters not only the human need for order but it also saves time. Every person, regardless of his profession or his station in society, would fall in with the fact that technology not only makes life simpler but quicker too. Every system of our society may it be a home, a school, a hospital, an office or an industry, runs on technology today. Globalization was unthinkable before the origin of technology. So I think it would not be wrong to state that technology itself is a way of life. Moving on, let us shift towards the less tangible yet apparent mechanism of chaos-management brought into being by mankind i.e. multi-tasking. The bookish definition of human multitasking is that it is highest level of productive usage on ones capability of handling multiple tasks at the same time. An example of multitasking is talking on the phone while walking on the footpath and munching a burger all together. The necessity of multitasking stemmed from the human need to make up for the ever-deficient time while bringing order to his daily life. Having said that, lets flip the coin, and analyze the other side of the subject; bringing orderliness to daily life to

Definition Essay - Defining the Word Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay – Defining the Word Private As time progresses, so does the English language.   We use many words out of context.   But depending on the person, time, and maybe the location a new meaning may be adopted for any word.   As well as actual definitions of words.   Since 1913, when The Merriam- Webster dictionary was published, the meaning of the word private has changed, but not drastically. Since the earliest publication of the three dictionaries, the use of private and its context has not changed much.   There are not many different ways the word private can be used that would not be different from when the word was first published in dictionaries.   Everyday conversations that include "private" have not evolved into anything major or unfamiliar . There are many similarities in the definitions from the different variations of dictionaries used.   The Merriam-Webster Dictionary published in 1913, The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, and The American Heritage Dictionary all have similar definitions of the word private, but there was one definition that caught my eye due to... Definition Essay - Defining the Word Private -- Definition Essays Definition Essay – Defining the Word Private As time progresses, so does the English language.   We use many words out of context.   But depending on the person, time, and maybe the location a new meaning may be adopted for any word.   As well as actual definitions of words.   Since 1913, when The Merriam- Webster dictionary was published, the meaning of the word private has changed, but not drastically. Since the earliest publication of the three dictionaries, the use of private and its context has not changed much.   There are not many different ways the word private can be used that would not be different from when the word was first published in dictionaries.   Everyday conversations that include "private" have not evolved into anything major or unfamiliar . There are many similarities in the definitions from the different variations of dictionaries used.   The Merriam-Webster Dictionary published in 1913, The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, and The American Heritage Dictionary all have similar definitions of the word private, but there was one definition that caught my eye due to...

Operating Systems on the Internet Pos/355

Operating Systems on the Internet An online operating system is an operating system that is run online. The online operating system runs on a server that is on the Web. According to the web site, www. thefreedictionary. com (2003) the definition of an operating system is, â€Å"Software designed to control the hardware of a specific data-processing system in order to allow users and application programs to make use of it. † This applies to the online operating system, except that the operating system is available, online. There are many different operating systems n the internet that provide users the ability to access their data from anywhere in the world. An online operating system is also known as a Web operating system or Web OS. It is similar to a regular operating system but it is provided on the internet and allows users to access it from any Web browser. The are many different operating systems available on the internet, here are just a few; ICLOUD, GLIDE OS 3. 0, G. H O. ST, JOLICLOUD, and EYEOS. Many of the Web OS’s mentioned above provide the same type of benefits as an operating system, but it is done on the Web. For instance, the ICLOUD, created by Apple Inc. provides online file system and 50GB of online storage. According to the article written by Macworld Staff (2011), â€Å"In short, iCloud is a catchall phrase that covers Apple’s entire suite of wireless sync and backup services, which aim to keep you device-both iOS, and desktop computers running OS X Lion, Windows Vista, or Windows 7-on the same page, no matter which one you’re using at any given moment. † The iCloud also provides direct access to the user iCloud from Windows Explorer. The Glide OS 3. 0 provides 10GB of online virtual disk space, office tools, Web site creators and file sharing. G. ho. t which stands for Global hosted operating system provides almost the same features as a physical desktop computer, but online. The users can use file storage , sharing, and collaboration. The Jolicloud is used for net books and compatible with Linux, Windows, and AIR. eyeOS is a cloud computing Web desktop that is used by one user or an organization. The account can be created on the eyeOS server and performs as a platform for web application. This is just a small example of the types of WebOS that is available online. Some of these online operating systems can function just like a personal computer operating system.They provide the user the opportunity to store information on an online hard disk, create file management, use of utilities, saving and retrieving documents, and they are accessible where ever a company or individual can access the web. This makes it mobile and a great feature for those that rely on their portable devices, especially phones. On the go operating systems that are accessible on any device that supports Web browsing, what a great idea. Now, individuals can store their documents, pictures, music, and photos online , without having to use any storage space on their individual computers, work computers, laptops, or work computer’s.Individuals and companies can also use their mobile devices and hook them up to printers or other computers. They can also sync their information via Wi-Fi or through Bluetooth, to their computers or portable devices. References Macworld. (2011, June 8). iCloud: what you need to know. Retrieved from http://www. macworld. com/article/1160380/icloud_what_you_need_to_know. html The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.. (2003). Operating System. Retrieved from http://www. thefreedictionary. com/operating+system

Study On Bayer Ag And Multi Listed Securities Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1417 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? The Company Bayer AG was founded on 1st August 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and Johann Friedrich Weskott in Barmen, Germany. Today it is headquartered in Leverkusen, Germany. In order for management purposes Bayer AG was restructured into a holding company in December in the year 2003. All the core businesses were transformed into limited companies which were all managed by Bayer AG. These companies are: Bayer CropScience AG, Bayer HealthCare AG, Bayer Chemicals AG, Bayer MaterialScience AG and the three service companies Bayer Technology Services, Bayer Business Services and Bayer Industry Services. BAYER AG is an international firm with a lot of expertise in the fields of health care, nutritio, etc. The firms goods and services are designed and produced in a way to help mankind and benefit and improve their quality of life. In FY 2009, Bayer had a wokforce of 108,400 people and had an output of ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬31.2 billion.The capital expendi tures incurred were ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1.7 billion and the RD expenses were ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬2.7billion. As mentioned earlier, In the year 2009, the Bayer Company had workforce of 108,400 worlwide of which 21,600 were located in Asia-Pacific, other 16,300 employees in North America, and other 16,000 in Latin America,Middle East and Africa and the rest 54,500 in Europe. The Mission statement of Bayer is: We have set our course for the future. The Corporate Mission Statement of the organization is the tagline Bayer: Science For A Life, which sums up the groups objectives, values and beliefs. OTHER COMPANIES: BAYER CROPSCIENCE is a leading crop science company.Its main area of focus is Crop protection, seeds, pest control, etc. BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE produces high-quality plastic and it also develops remedies and solutions for needs of everyday life. BAYER TECHNOLOGY SERVICES deals in process and plant engineering, construction and optimi zation. BAYER BUSINESS SERVICES handles the Information Technology infrastructure and technical support factor for countries Canada and USA. BAYER HEALTH CARE is leading in the advanced production of medical products. Its sole mission is to research, develop and produce innovative products that improve the health of people and their quality of life.It has four groups under it: Animal Health Bayer Schering Pharma Consumer Care (over-the-counter medicines and dietary supplements) Medical Care MEANING OF MULTI -LISTED SECURITIES: Multi-listed securities are traded on more than one stock exchange and are suitable for deposit and settlement in more than one Central Securities depository (CSD). These securities can be traded by the customers in the home market, in the international market and in cross-border transactions (i.e between the home market and the remote market). In recent times, many organisations and companies consider listing their shares on multipl e stock exchanges in various countries. In todays global economy this is relatively a safe way to enter and explore the international markets, generate and maintain interest in a multinational companys shares. ADVANTAGES OF MULTI -LISTING: One of the major advantages that a company can take of multi listing is that it can raise extra capital for the company from another market whenever needed.Multi listing is very easy for companies which have good standing and reputation in the home market as well as foreign market. A company can even raise capital using different instruments like ADR and GDR. Multi listing can also be used to reduce risks.It can be used as a hedging tool (risk management tool). It helps to diversify the security in domestic as well as International market. Having securities listed in multiple countries also has a positive impact on sales and other aspects of the business. It increases the visibility of the company in the market. Listing of shares in multiple stock exchanges also increases the media attention the company receives in each market. In case of an Acquisition, multiple stock exchange listing enables a company to provide acquisition currency. If a company is not performing well in a certain market and has poor liquidity and low profile it can be offset by a better performance in another market. OTHER ADVANTAGES: There are many other advantages a company can take if its shares are listed on multiple stock exchanges.Some important benefits are: It helps in Creating a new market for the companys shares Increasing the financial standing and reputation of the company. Creating public awareness and public interest in the company and its products. Also providing various opportunities to the company to implement share option schemes for their employees. There are some disadavantages that a company faces when its shares are listed on multiple stock exchanges. DISADVANTAGES: Increasing accountability to public shareholders. It becomes necessary for the company to maintain dividend and profit growth trends. The company is at a risk to an unwelcome takeover. The company also loses its privacy because of the media interest in the Company. It also faces the problem of following the rules and regulations of different governing bodies in different countries. Companies seeking international investments and prospective investors consider multiple listing of their shares but it should be sufficiently compelling to outweigh the burden that comes along multiple stock exchange listings. GENERAL INFORMATION: BAYER, the German Pharmaceutical Compnay, has listed its shares on multiple stock exchanges. It has listed its shares in countries like Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, UK, Japan and Italy. In 2002 the company also listed its shares on NYSE i.e New York Stock Exchange, which was the eleventh country for the company to list its sh ares. Currently it has listed its shares in Germany, Switzerland, Spain and UK. ADVANTAGES FOR BAYER IN LISTING IN NYSE AND LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE: One of the major advantages Bayer AG faced by listing its shares on NYSE were that it made it simpler for Bayer to develop and expand in the US market. Wilson, managing director and head of international syndicate at UBS Warburg, said: Getting greater access to U.S. investors is sometimes given as a reason for a U.S. listing, and its a way for smaller companies to improve their profile. However, most significantly, its a way to get acquisition currency. (Rubery, 2002) Bayer Spokesperson, Annette Josten agreed and said, that if Bayer would make an acquisition then the company could pay for it in exchange of shares.She further added that Bayer has no concrete plans but this does give them the opportunity to act quickly upon this.It will also help the company to increase its potential investors and provide transperancy in US and als o gives them opportunities to initiate and launch stock option programs for the U.S employees. Multiple listing of stock also helped Bayer to increase liquidity by widening its trade market, and provided it with easier accesss to prospective and potential investors. Also by listing its shares in NYSE and LSE, BAYER got a lot more and better analyst coverage. And their potential investors got better information about the Company.The Company can raise funds whenever needed. The company also experienced High Abnormal Return as the potential customers increased aft the company was listed on NYSE. The company also benefits in the foreign market by any foreign currency fluctutations. DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE LISTING FACED BY BAYER AG: When a company is listed on multiple stock exchange it has to follow foreign ownership restrictions and go by the rules and regulations of the foreign country when one companys investors are not permitted to hold foreign shares.In case of Mer gers and Acquisitions dual listing plays a very important role.But Non Mergers and Acquisitions related dual listings have different problems and difficulties to overcome.Josten at Bayer explains, The challenge was the comprehensive administrative and organizational work in preparation of the listing. But due to very good co-operation with the SEC and the auditors, we managed to complete that work successfully. Bayer Company being listed on multiple stock exchanges also faces some disadvantages like Increased Cost.The Company needs to comply with different markets which increase pressure on the staff, increased reporting and also increases the operation costs. Every move of the company will be followed by the analysts. And any mistake committed by the company will cost the company huge losses. In multiple stock exchange listings it becomes necessary for a company to produce accounts under two different sets of accounting rules, possibly leading to reporting of different res ults in different markets. It also is necessary that the domestic investors should have the same set of information as the international investors, therefore the information might be needed to be published in multiple languages to suit domestic investors.This will increase the expenses and compliance work involved. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Bayer Ag And Multi Listed Securities Finance Essay" essay for you Create order